Hypoglycemic effect of deoxynojirimycin-polysaccharide on high fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice via regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is currently considered a worldwide epidemic and finding effective therapeutic strategies against this disease is highly important. A deoxynojirimycin-polysaccharide mixture (DPM) has previously been shown to exert hypoglycemic effects on alloxan- or streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanism(s) of DPM on T2DM induced by high fat diet following low-dose STZ treatment in mice. After daily oral treatment of diabetic mice with DPM (150 mg/kg b.w.) for 90 d, significant decline in blood glucose, pyruvate, triglyceride (TG), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), creatinine (Cr), lipid peroxide (LPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as well as evident increases in high density lipoprotein (HDL-c) and hepatic glycogen concentrations were observed. In the first stage, in which DPM was administered for 60 d, blood insulin levels did not undergo significant change but a significant decrease in the HOMA-IR index was detected. By contrast, the HOMA-IR index increased significantly in T2MD controls. In the second stage, in which DPM treatment was continued for another 30 d, insulin levels significantly increased in DPM-treated mice in comparison with T2DM controls. These results indicate that insulin resistance in the pre-diabetic period and the dysfunction of pancreatic ß-cells are ameliorated by DPM treatment. DPM also down-regulated protein levels of insulin receptor (IR) and gluconeogenic enzymes (pyruvate carboxylase, fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase) in peripheral tissues (liver and/or muscle), but enhanced the expressions of insulin in pancreas, lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and glycolysis enzymes (glucokinase, phosphofructokinase, private kinase and pyruvate decarboxylase E1) in the liver. Furthermore, deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) and polysaccharide (P) were found to increase proliferation of hepatic LO-2 cells and scavenging of radicals in vitro. These results support the results of our biochemical analyses and underscore possible mechanisms underlying the protective effects of DPM on STZ-induced damage to the pancreas and the liver. Taken together, our findings suggest that DPM may be developed as an antihyperglycemic agent for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Physiological tests for yeast brewery cells immobilized on modified chamotte carrier.

In this study yeast cell physiological activity was assessed on the basis of the in situ activity of two important enzymes, succinate dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase. FUN1 dye bioconversion and cellular ATP content were also taken as important indicators of yeast cell activity. The study was conducted on six brewing yeast strains, which were either free cells or immobilized on a chamotte carrier. The experimental data obtained indicate clearly that, in most cases, the immobilized cells showed lower enzyme activity than free cells from analogous cultures. Pyruvate decarboxylase activity in immobilized cells was higher than in planktonic cell populations only in the case of the Saccharomyces pastorianus 680 strain. However, in a comparative assessment of the fermentation process, conducted with the use of free and immobilized cells, much more favorable dynamics and carbon dioxide productivity were observed in immobilized cells, especially in the case of brewing lager yeast strains. This may explain the higher total cell density per volume unit of the fermented medium and the improved resistance of immobilized cells to environmental changes.

Balance between aerobic and anaerobic metabolites production of Amycolatopsis orientalis depending on initial glucose concentration.

The effect of glucose concentration as a carbon source in the range of 5-20 g/L on the fermentative productions of intra-and extra-cellular ethanol, acetate, formate, oxalate, lactate, and pyruvate, as well as pyruvate decarboxylase in A. orientalis were investigated, depending on the incubation period. Intra-and extra-cellular pyruvate levels increased with rising glucose concentrations up to 15 and 20 g/L of glucose, respectively. In addition, intra-cellular pyruvate levels reached their maximum on the 48th hour in the range of 12.5-20 g/L of glucose, except for 5 and 10 g/L while extra-cellular pyruvate were at the 48th and 60th hours. As a fermentative end product, intra-and extra-cellular ethanol levels increased with increasing glucose concentrations of the growth medium and with incubation period. Activity of pyruvate decarboxylase, one of the key enzymes of the alcoholic fermentation, increased significantly with increasing glucose concentrations up to the 48th hour. Intra-and extra-cellular acetate levels increased significantly with increasing glucose concentrations of the growth medium and reached their maximums on the 48th hour, as was the case also for pyruvate. Intra-cellular formate levels increased up to 15 g/L, while extra-cellular levels increased with increasing glucose concentration. The maximum intra-and extra-cellular lactate levels were determined at 12.5 g/L and 20 g/L of glucose on the 48th hour, respectively. The results suggest that elevated ethanol production suppressed lactate and formate production, supported via possibly formed CO(2). In addition, pyruvate, as well as acetate, were used as carbon sources due to the depletion of glucose contents in the growth medium.

Proteomics analysis of the tombusvirus replicase: Hsp70 molecular chaperone is associated with the replicase and enhances viral RNA replication.

Plus-strand RNA virus replication occurs via the assembly of viral replicase complexes involving multiple viral and host proteins. To identify host proteins present in the cucumber necrosis tombusvirus (CNV) replicase, we affinity purified functional viral replicase complexes from yeast. Mass spectrometry analysis of proteins resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of CNV p33 and p92 replicase proteins as well as four major host proteins in the CNV replicase. The host proteins included the Ssa1/2p molecular chaperones (yeast homologues of Hsp70 proteins), Tdh2/3p (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, an RNA-binding protein), Pdc1p (pyruvate decarboxylase), and an unknown approximately 35-kDa acidic protein. Copurification experiments demonstrated that Ssa1p bound to p33 replication protein in vivo, and surface plasmon resonance measurements with purified recombinant proteins confirmed this interaction in vitro. The double mutant strain (ssa1 ssa2) showed 75% reduction in viral RNA accumulation, whereas overexpression of either Ssa1p or Ssa2p stimulated viral RNA replication by approximately threefold. The activity of the purified CNV replicase correlated with viral RNA replication in the above-mentioned ssa1 ssa2 mutant and in the Ssa overexpression strains, suggesting that Ssa1/2p likely plays an important role in the assembly of the CNV replicase.

The electrochemical investigation of the catalytic power of pyruvate decarboxylase and its coenzyme.

The change in the energy barriers for the heterogeneous reduction of pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) relative to its coenzyme, thiamin pyrophosphate (ThPP), was determined experimentally using square wave voltammetry (SWV) to be 5.3 kcal/mol. These results are in agreement with those of reaction rate acceleration provided by thiamin-dependent decarboxylases relative to their coenzyme as determined kinetically based on the pK(a) suppression by the enzyme environment.

Identification of yeast proteins from two-dimensional gels: working out spot cross-contamination.

With the complete sequence of the yeast genome now available, efforts by many laboratories are underway to identify each of the spots on two-dimensional (2-D) gels corresponding to the most abundant yeast proteins. The high mass accuracy now attainable using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-mass spectrometry equipped with delayed extraction simplifies the process of identification, such that many spots can be unambiguously identified in a short period of time merely by using peptide mass fingerprinting and generally available database matching programs. Although it is not always possible to match spots between gels run by different laboratories, proteins generally yield the same abundant proteolytic fragments when tryptic digestions are performed. Databases containing these signature peptides not only simplify the task of reidentifying proteins from different gels, but also make it possible to identify small amounts of cross-contaminating proteins from different spots, as well as common extraneous contaminants such as human keratins. In this paper, we present data on the identification of > 20 previously unreported yeast proteins from 2-D gels. Some novel proteins were identified from randomly analyzed spots. Focusing on 14 spots in a narrow-pH-range gel, we demonstrate how organizing peak-table data and peptide match-list data into databases enables the identification of a larger percentage of the peaks.

Immunocytochemical localization of glycolytic and fermentative enzymes in Zymomonas mobilis.

Gold-labeled antibodies were used to examine the subcellular locations of 11 glycolytic and fermentative enzymes in Zymomonas mobilis. Glucose-fructose oxidoreductase was clearly localized in the periplasmic region. Phosphogluconate lactonase and alcohol dehydrogenase I were concentrated in the cytoplasm near the plasma membrane. The eight remaining enzymes were more evenly distributed within the cytoplasmic matrix. Selected enzyme pairs were labeled on opposite sides of the same thin section to examine the frequency of colocalization. Results from these experiments provide evidence that glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, and alcohol dehydrogenase I form an enzyme complex.

Resolution of brewers' yeast pyruvate decarboxylase into two isozymes.

A novel purification method was developed for brewers' yeast pyruvate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.1) that for the first time resolved the enzyme into two isozymes on DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. The isozymes were found to be distinct according to sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: the first one to be eluted gave rise to one band, the second to two bands. The isozymes were virtually the same so far as specific activity, KM, inhibition kinetics and irreversible binding properties by the mechanism-based inhibitor (E)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxo-3-butenoic acid are concerned. This finding resolves a longstanding controversy concerning the quaternary structure of this enzyme.

Disorders of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency may be a non-specific consequence of many different neurological degenerative disorders. There are also serious methodological problems in estimating the activity of this enzyme complex.

[Purification and certain properties of pyruvate decarboxylase from bovine brain]. / Ochistka i nekotorye svoistva piruvatdekarboksilazy iz mozga byka.

A procedure of isolation and purification of pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) from bovine brain is worked out. 350-fold purified enzyme preparation was homogenous under polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Molecular weight of PDC from bovine brain was estimated to be 180 000 by means of gel chromatography through Sephadex G-200. The protein was eluted in two peaks (with molecular weight of 180 000 and 90 000 respectively). After the treatment of the enzyme preparation with 6 M guanidine chloride. Probably, partial dissociation of the enzyme molecule into two subunits takes place in this case. Data on paper chromatography confirmed that highly purified PDC preparations from bovine brain were isolated as apoenzyme, since they were almost free of TPP.